\paperw3690 \margr0\margl0 \plain \fs20 \f1 \fs24 \b 11th cent. BC/5th cent. AD\b0 û Development of the civilization of the \b \cf1 \ATXht34 Sabaeans \b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 in the sou
theastern region of the Arabian peninsula. Birth of the five main kingdoms of \b \cf1 \ATXht36 Saba\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 , MaÆin, Hadhramaut, Himyar, and Qataban.\par
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\b 753 BC\b0 û Foundation of Rome.\par
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\b 14 AD\b0 û Death of Octavian Augus
tus, the first Roman emperor.\par
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\b 313\b0 û The Edict of Milan issued by Constantine guarantees freedom of worship to Christians in the Roman Empire.\par
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\b 476\b0 û Fall of the Western Roman Empire.\par
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\b 568 \b0 û The Longobar
ds conquer much of the Italian peninsula.\par
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\b 570\b0 û Birth of \b \cf1 \ATXht47 Muhammad\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 622\b0 û Muhammad flees \b \cf1 \ATXht53 Mecca\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 for the oasis of Yathrib. This event marks the beginning
of the Muslim calendar, the \b \cf2 \ATXht10806 Hegira\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 630\b0 û Mecca submits to Muhammad. The Arab state is born.\par
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\b 632\b0 û Death of Muhammad.\par
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\b 637\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht56 Conquest of Mesopotam
ia\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 by the Arabs.\par
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\b 641\b0 û Conquest of Syria and Egypt by the Arabs.\par
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650\b0 û Conquest of Persia by the Arabs.\par
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\b 661/750\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht58 Umayyad \b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 dynasty in Arabia, Syria, M
esopotamia, and Egypt.\par
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670\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht10 Conquest of the Maghreb\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 by the Arabs.\par
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\b 7th cent./13th cent.\b0 û Consolidation of the Arab Empire, ruled by the two main religious groups, the Sunnis and the S
hiah.\par
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\b 711/714\b0 û Conquest of Spain by the Arabs.\par
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716\b0 û The Byzantine emperor, Leo III the Isaurian, halts the Arab advance toward Eastern Europe at Constantinople.\par
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732\b0 û Battle of Poitiers in France: t
he king of the Franks, Charles Martel, blocks the Arab advance into Europe from Spain.\par
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\b 750/1225 \b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht59 Abbasid dynasty\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 in Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maghreb, and Spain.\par
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\b 800\b0 û Ch
arlemagne is crowned ruler of the Holy Roman Empire by the pope in Rome.\par
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\b 1099\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht82 First Crusade\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 1167\b0 û Foundation of Oxford University in England.\par
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1228/1454\b0 û Rule of
the Arab Empire by the \b \cf1 \ATXht51 Rasulid\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 sultans. A period of splendor in the sciences and arts commences.\par
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\b 1266/1273\b0 û St. Thomas Aquinas writes the \i Summa Theologica\i0 .\par
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\b 1295 \b0 û The Rasulid S
ultan Ashraf Umar II conceives the first astrolabe to become widely known and devises a new system of mathematics.\par
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1300/1924\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht79 Ottoman\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 rule over Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Turkey, the Balkans, G